Classical physics imagined the universe as a massive, flawlessly functioning clockwork mechanism. In Newton’s world, everything was predictable; as long as the initial conditions were known, the door to the future could be swung wide open. In the 18th century, mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace took this deterministic view to its absolute peak. According to Laplace, if a supreme intellect existed that knew the exact position and velocity of every single atom in the universe in other words, "Laplace’s Demon" neither the past nor the future would hold any secrets for this entity. Because the laws of the universe were bound together by an unbroken chain of causality, a right mind mastering all the equations of the universe could read tomorrow from today. In short, the universe was a rule bound book read by rote. However, in the early 20th century, when the doors of the micro-universe were unlocked, this absolute certainty was dethroned. Werner Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principl...
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